"అతను అన్నాడు..." — ఇతరుల మాటలను ఇంగ్లీషులో ఎలా చెప్పాలో తెలుసుకోండి!
15.1 Direct Speech (ప్రత్యక్ష వచనం)
Direct Speech లో మాట్లాడిన వ్యక్తి చెప్పిన మాటలను సరిగ్గా quotation marks ( " " ) లో పెడతారు.
She said, "I am happy."
He said, "I will come tomorrow."
Rules for Direct Speech:
1. మాటలను " " లో పెట్టాలి.
2. మొదటి పదం పెద్ద అక్షరంతో (Capital) మొదలవుతుంది.
3. Said/asked వంటి పదం తర్వాత కామా ( , ) పెట్టాలి.
15.2 Indirect Speech (పరోక్ష వచనం)
Indirect Speech లో మనం మాటలను మన సొంత మాటలలో నివేదిస్తాము — quotation marks ఉండవు.
She said that she was happy.
He said that he would come the next day.
15.3 Direct → Indirect: 5 Steps
ఒక Direct వాక్యాన్ని Indirect లోకి మార్చడానికి ఈ 5 దశలు అనుసరించండి:
Quotation marks (" ") ను తీసివేయండి.
అవసరమైతే 'that' ను జోడించండి.
Pronouns (I → He/She, my → his/her) మార్చండి.
Verb యొక్క Tense ను మార్చండి (Backshift).
Time/Place పదాలను మార్చండి (today → that day, tomorrow → the next day).
15.4 Backshift of Tenses
Indirect Speech లో, ప్రధాన వాక్యం Past లో ఉంటే, లోపలి వాక్యం Tense కూడా Past లోకి మారుతుంది:
Direct
Indirect
Present → Past
"I am happy." → She said that she was happy.
Past → Past Perfect
"I went to school." → He said that he had gone to school.
Future (will) → Would
"I will come." → He said that he would come.
Present Continuous → Past Continuous
"I am eating." → She said that she was eating.
Present Perfect → Past Perfect
"I have finished." → He said that he had finished.
15.5 Pronoun Changes & Time/Place Words
Pronoun Changes:
Direct
Indirect
I
He/She
my
his/her
you
me/him/her (ఎవరికి చెప్పారో బట్టి)
we
they
Change of Time & Place Words:
Direct
Indirect
today
that day
tomorrow
the next day
yesterday
the previous day
now
then
here
there
this
that
15.6 Reporting Verbs — Say, Tell, Ask
Verb
Usage
Example
Say
ఎవరో ఒకరు చెప్పారు (కేవలం మాట)
He said, "I am happy." → He said (that) he was happy.
Tell
ఎవరికో చెప్పారు (Object తో)
He told me, "I am happy." → He told me (that) he was happy.
Ask
ప్రశ్న అడిగారు
She asked, "Are you happy?" → She asked if I was happy.
SAY VS TELL:
• Say → Object లేకుండా (He said that...)
• Tell → Object తో (He told me that...)
15.7 Questions in Indirect Speech
Questions ను Indirect లోకి మార్చేటప్పుడు రెండు రకాలు:
Yes/No Questions: 'If' లేదా 'Whether' వాడాలి.
Direct: She asked, "Are you happy?"
Indirect: She asked if I was happy.
Wh- Questions (What, Where, When, Why, How): ఆ Wh- పదాన్ని వాడాలి.
Direct: He asked, "Where do you live?"
Indirect: He asked where I lived.
Rules for Questions:
• 'Do/Does/Did' తీసివేయండి.
• Subject + Verb క్రమంలో రాయండి.
• Tense ను మార్చండి.
15.8 Imperatives (ఆజ్ఞలు/అభ్యర్థనలు) — Indirect
Imperative వాక్యాలను (ఆజ్ఞలు, అభ్యర్థనలు) Indirect లో 'to' లో మారుస్తారు.
Direct
Indirect
She said, "Close the door."
She told me to close the door.
He said, "Please help me."
He requested me to help him.
The teacher said, "Don't talk."
The teacher told us not to talk.
RULE:
• Positive → told/asked + Object + to + V1
• Negative → told/asked + Object + not to + V1
15.9 Practical Dialogue (సంభాషణ)
కింది సంభాషణను బిగ్గరగా చదవండి. ఇందులో Direct మరియు Indirect Speech రెండూ ఉన్నాయి:
Radha: I met Suresh yesterday. He said, "I am very busy."
Kiran: What did he say about the meeting?
Radha: He said that he was very busy. He told me that he couldn't come to the meeting.
Kiran: Did he say when he would come?
Radha: He said that he would come the next day.
Kiran: Did he ask about the project?
Radha: Yes, he asked if we had completed the project.
Kiran: What did you tell him?
Radha: I told him that we had completed it. I also told him to check the email.
15.10 Common Mistakes (తరచుగా చేసే తప్పులు)
Mistake (తప్పు)
Correct (సరైనది)
Explanation
"She said that I am happy."
"She said that she was happy."
Pronouns మరియు Tense రెండూ మారాలి.
"He told that he will come."
"He said that he would come."
'Told' కు Object అవసరం (told me).
"She asked where do you live."
"She asked where I lived."
Question లో Subject+Verb క్రమంలో ఉండాలి.
"He said, I am tired."
"He said, 'I am tired.'"
Quotation marks తప్పనిసరి (Direct).
"She told me to not go."
"She told me not to go."
Negative imperative లో 'not to' వస్తుంది.
Chapter 15 Quiz
1. Direct Speech లో కనిపించే రెండు ముఖ్యమైన నియమాలు ఏమిటి?
A. Comma మరియు full stop
B. Question mark మరియు exclamation
C. Quotation marks మరియు Capital letter
D. None of these
2. She said, "I am happy." — దీని Indirect రూపం ఏది?
A. She said that she was happy.
B. She said that she is happy.
C. She said that I am happy.
D. She said that I was happy.
3. He said, "I will come tomorrow." — దీని Indirect రూపం ఏది?
A. He said that he will come tomorrow.
B. He said that he will come the next day.
C. He said that he would come tomorrow.
D. He said that he would come the next day.
4. She asked, "Are you happy?" — దీని Indirect రూపం ఏది?
A. She asked if you are happy.
B. She asked if I was happy.
C. She asked that I am happy.
D. She asked that I was happy.
5. He asked, "Where do you live?" — దీని Indirect రూపం ఏది?
A. He asked where do I live.
B. He asked where I live.
C. He asked where I lived.
D. He asked where did I live.
6. She said, "I am eating." — దీని Indirect రూపం ఏది?
A. She said that she is eating.
B. She said that I am eating.
C. She said that I was eating.
D. She said that she was eating.
7. He said, "I have finished." — దీని Indirect రూపం ఏది?
A. He said that he had finished.
B. He said that he has finished.
C. He said that I have finished.
D. He said that I had finished.
8. She told me, "Close the door." — దీని Indirect రూపం ఏది?
A. She told me close the door.
B. She told me to close the door.
C. She told me closing the door.
D. She told to close the door.
9. The teacher said, "Don't talk." — దీని Indirect రూపం ఏది?